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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1515 |
| | | Louis XII is succeeded on the French throne by his cousin and son-in-law, Francis I | |
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| 1515 |
| | | The king of France, Francis I, wins a dramatic victory at Marignano and captures Milan | |
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| 1515 |
| | | The Spanish complete the conquest of Cuba and establish the town of Havana | |
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| 1516 |
| | | The death of Ferdinand II results in Spain becoming part of the Habsburg empire, under the rule of Charles V (as Charles I of Spain) | |
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| 1516 |
| | | Catherine of Aragon gives birth to a daughter, Mary, who becomes the only one of her six children to live beyond infancy | |
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| 1516 |
| | | The original ghetto is established as a district to which the Jews of Venice are confined | |
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| 1516 |
| | | Ariosto, in Orlando Furioso, tells of Roland's madness when he is abandoned by the pagan princess Angelica | |
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| 1516 |
| | | Erasmus publishes an influential edition of the New Testament in its original Greek | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1517 |
| | | Leonardo da Vinci moves to France, on the invitation of Francis I | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The local sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel outrages a friar teaching in Wittenberg, Martin Luther | |
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| 1517 |
| | | Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg | |
|  | Woodcut portrait of Martin Luther
National Archives, Kew
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| 1518 |
| | | Philipp Melanchthon joins the Wittenberg university to teach Greek and inspires Luther to translate the New Testament | |
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| 1519 |
| | | The Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes lands on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses and about 20 guns | |
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| 1519 |
| | | Ferdinand Magellan and a small fleet depart from Seville, attempting to sail round the world | |
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| 1519 |
| | | Charles V borrows 852,000 florins, mainly from the Fuggers, to bribe the seven imperial electors | |
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| 1519 |
| | | Cortes and his tiny force capture Montezuma, ruler of the mighty Aztec empire, in his palace at Tenochtitlan | |
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| 1520 |
| | | The German painter Hans Holbein the Younger establishes his own studio in Basel | |
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| c. 1520 |
| | | Europe's new printing presses make possible the first pamphlet war, spreading instant arguments for and against the Reformation | |
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| 1520 |
| | | Luther's writings are burnt in Rome by order of the pope | |
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| 1520 |
| | | Cortes loses control of Tenochtitlan and has to escape in haste with his men during 'the Sorrowful Night' | |
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| 1520 |
| | | The English and French kings, Henry VIII and Francis I, feast and parley on the Field of Cloth of Gold | |
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| 1520 |
| | | Eighty distinguished Swedish citizens are executed together on the main square, in what becomes known as the Stockholm Bloodbath | |
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| c. 1520 |
| | | Mannerism develops in Italy in the work of the painters Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino | |
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| 1521 |
| | | Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther after he has refused to recant | |
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| 1521 |
| | | Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan crosses the Pacific in ninety-nine days and reaches Guam | |
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| 1521 |
| | | Luther travels to the German city of Worms to present his case to an imperial diet | |
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| 1521 |
| | | Ferdinand Magellan is killed in the Philippines, in a skirmish with natives | |
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| 1521 |
| | | Luther bears witness to a Protestant conscience, stating at Worms: 'Here I stand, I can not do otherwise.' | |
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| 1521 |
| | | The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade | |
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| 1521 |
| | | After a little more than a year Cortes recaptures Tenochtitlan and finally establishes Spanish control over Mexico | |
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